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in 978-1-349-67307-0, 978-3-110-11549-9. 978-5-87444-216-3.
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o'brien, 9789027257444.
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журнал machine
русский macmillan macro-regions, made madeleine, magocsi, main mainly major majority make making man"), mandarin, mandatory manner: manuscripts many mapping march maria mark markedly marks marvellous"), marxist masculine, material mathematical matters matters, matters. matthews, matthias maximal may may, maybe meaning meaning. means media media, medieval member members merged mesm message meteorological meyer mglóju miami, michael mid-13th middle middle), miffed". migrants". mikhail mikhail. million million, ministry minns, minoritare". minorities minorities, minorities.[54] minority minority
language mir mission mission, mixed mixtures mobility models moderate modern modernization moe.gov.cn mof.gov.cy moldavian moldova moldova's moldova". moldova, moldova. moldovan monday, mongol mongolia,[91] mongolia] mongolians, monterey, monthly,
3: more moroz, morphological morphology morphology. morphology
a moscow moscowtrasiankasouthern most mostly mother motion motion". motion.[116]

vocabulary

this motley multilingual multilingual, multiplicity multitude must mustgo. mutual mutually myš'. mysh nébo n, n. nadeleny nakhimovsky nakhimovsky, nam name named names, names.

classification
russian nasa nashville, natalie national nations nations, nations,[34] nations. nations
international native natural nazarbaev, need needed] needed]
a needed]
the needs negation neil neither neologisms nesset, neuter, never nevertheless, new newly news". newspapers, nganasan nikolaevsk, nikolai ninth-most no no. nobility nominative non-existent.[89]

in non-profit non-standard norm normally north northeastern northern northern, northwestern norwegian not notable notary noted notes noticeable noticeably nouns novels november novgorod now nu nucleus number number
of nurbek ny: o, object objects), obsolete obstacles obvetšáloj	at obvious obvious: occurred. occurs october odd") of of'), of"). of: offered offering official officially officials oficialiosios often often. ohio. ohio: okóško okanye old older oldest oleg olonets olympiad
the olympic on oná once one one.[122]

the ones. oni online only only". only.[64][65] onsets, onward operations, opinion optimal optional or oral ordin, orel organisation
eurasian organization organization, organization. organization
antarctic organization
food organization
international organization
unesco
world oriental origin origin, origin
list original originally origins orthographically,[36] orthography), orthography
according orthography
no ossetia ossetia]. osteuropas. ostromir other other?". others otherwise otnoshenii our out outlets outside outsourcing&more. over overturns overwhelming own oxford oxford, p pútnik p. pact padonki pagal page pages palatal palatalization palatalized palgrave paperback paragraphs parents parliament part partially particular particular.[125][128][129][26] particulars partly parts passed past past, pau. paul paul; payload peace, peacetime, peasant peasantry peasants peasants' peasants, pechénye? pechenye? pelczar peninsula
alphabet
main peninsula
surzhyk, people people's people, per perceptions perfective period, periodization periods:[119][120][121]

old permitted persian persian,[42][43] persian; person personal peter pg. phenomenon philadelphia, philologists phoneme phonemes phonemes
labial	alveolar
/dental	post-
alveolar	palatal	velar
plain	pal.	plain	pal.	plain	pal.	plain	pal.
nasal	m	mʲ	n	nʲ					
stop	voiceless	p	pʲ	t	tʲ				k	kʲ
voiced	b	bʲ	d	dʲ				ɡ	ɡʲ
affricate			t͡s	(t͡sʲ)		t͡ɕ			
fricative	voiceless	f	fʲ	s	sʲ	ʂ	ɕː		x	xʲ
voiced	v	vʲ	z	zʲ	ʐ	(ʑː)		(ɣ)	(ɣʲ)
approximant			ɫ	lʲ			j		
trill			r	rʲ					
russian phonetic phonetically phonetics phonetics, phonological phonology phonology
the pidgin pidgin. pidginmednyj pidginsurzhyktrasianka
region	
armeniaazerbaijanbelarusisraellatviaukraine place places planned plant played playing please plus. po point poles policy policy, policy. policy: polinsky, polish polish, polished political political, politics politics, poll polled polska pomor pomorcentral popular population population) population, population.[70]

in population.[88] portal
flag	soviet portal
icon	language portal
list portalas. portion portland, portuguese.[50][51][52]

russian position positions possession possible post-posed post-soviet postal postupat' pp pp. prace practical practice practice" practice. pravakh. preceding prefixes prepositional prepositions presence present)
the present, preserve preserved president.gov.by. press press. press.
comrie, press.
wade, prevails, prevented previous primary primers principalities print)
isurin, printed priority privacy private privileged problem. problems process process: processes produce produced programs project. projects:

definitions prokhorov, prokuratura.tj. proletariat prominent promised
we're promises pronounce pronounced pronunciation pronunciation. proper property proportion prosodic protecting protection proto-slavic proverbs provided provincial provisions prys public publications.
shohamy, publish published publishing publishing. pushes pushkin pushkin's pushkin, pyótr pɐˈkrovlʲɪ q-success. qualitatively quarter quite quotes r. radio radio, raion)

percentage raised raising range rank	total rank
g. rapidly rate rather rating ravnymi razumom re-emergence read readers reading reading
external reading
yanushevskaya, reason recently, recognize recognized recordings.
external recruiting redirects reduced reducing reduction reduction, reduction
literature	
pushkin reference references referendum reform reforms refugees refugees, regarded region region, region. region.[101][102]

the regional regions regions, register registered regularly regulate regulator rejecting related relation), relatively relatives reliable relic religious relocated remained remains removal replaced reported reporting. republic republic". republics republics, republics. republics.[53]

europe

languages republicspainisrael
categories: request request. required requires requiring research research. reserved reshaped residents resource respect respectively.[102] respondents respondents), respondents).[74]

in respondents, restricted restrictions resulted retrieved return reuters. reversed reversed.[50][125][126]

recent revolution, revolutionized ridge. right right.[113][114]

grammar
main rights rights". rights. riigikogu river roa.rutgers.edu. robert roland; role roles, romania". romanization roof,
вдруг room rossiiskii routledge. rozhdayutsya ruins rule rule. rules rulesreformsromanization runet
quelia, rural rus', ruse ruslang.ru. russia russia's russia", russia), russia, russia. russia.[50][125][126]

the russia.
russian
русский russialanguages russian russian–chinese russian–english russian" russian". russian) russian). russian)
 russian)
russian russian)
vte
russian russian, russian,

million	share russian-derived russian-english russian-language russian-speaking russian. russian.[108]
fenya, russian.[121]


the russian.[38]

over russian.[73]

according russian.
 russian: russian:[134]

все russian
because russian
duration: russian
geographic russian
main russian
russian russian
source	native russian
журнал russianfenyakyakhta russians russians, russians. russification russification
notes
 russificationmorse russified russkii: russkiy russky russophone, russophones rustles rusyn rusyn, rusyn,[37] ryazan rūta rʲ/ s, s.; s2cid sadat saeima said saint san sanctions sarwan, satellites sayings says says: scando-slavica. scholarly scholars school school. schooling". schools schools". schools, schools.[62][63] science science, sciences, sciences[21]
language script.
russian script; scriptlingua seattle, second second-most secondary seconds.0:11
problems seconds.0:21
reading secretariat
international section secularization security see see: seen semi-protected
from semivowel sense sentence, sentence. september sergei serve service.[66]

in services. sevastopol seventh-largest seventh-most several shades shall shape share sheremet, shlomo shohamy shohamy, should should, show shown shows significant sil similar similarities simons; simply since single sister site, sites sites, six sixth-most sizable size". size. skills sky slang slavic slavic) slavic, slavic
russian
early slavic
writing slavica slavicin slavonic slavonicchurch slavonicold slavs slight slightly slobozhan small smolensk snéžnyje snow so so-called social socialist society society.[49]

geographic sociolects sociological socioprognoz.ru. soft solómoj some something sometimes sometimes. somewhat, sonoroty sorry sound sound:

аа
/a/	бб
/b/	вв
/v/	гг
/ɡ/	дд
/d/	ее
/je/	ёё
/jo/	жж
/ʐ/	зз
/z/	ии
/i/	йй
/j/
кк
/k/	лл
/l/	мм
/m/	нн
/n/	оо
/o/	пп
/p/	рр
/r/	сс
/s/	тт
/t/	уу
/u/	фф
/f/
хх
/x/	цц
/ts/	чч
/tɕ/	шш
/ʂ/	щщ
/ɕː/	ъъ
/-/	ыы
/ɨ/	ьь
/ʲ/	ээ
/e/	юю
/ju/	яя
/ja/
older sounds sounds. sounds; source source
view south southern southern, sovest'yu soviet soviet-era space space". spanish, spanish. speak speakers speakers	l1: speakers	native speakers	total speakers, speakers. speakers.[32] speakers.[75] speakers

hemisphere speakers
of speakers
национальный speaking special specialized speech speech. speech.[122]


winter spelling spheres spirit spokane, spoke spoken spolsky spraw ssr". standard standardization standardization
international standardized standardizing standing start started starting state stated states states". states, states.[98]

as states: states

as states

organizations
recognised states
organization states
other	
russophonerussian states
the statesfrancebnf station station,[33] stations, statista.com. statistics statistikos stats. status status, status
official statut stayed stefan steiner steppe stidies. still stipulates stone, storm straw,
то, strengthened stress stress, stress. stressed structure structure, students studied studied, studies studies, study style style") style.[clarification sub-saharan subject subject), subsection
as subsection
further subsection
grammar
vocabulary
history subsection
phonology
toggle subsequent substratum such suddenly summaries. summary superior supplementary support supported survey survey,[83] survival". surzhyk sussex sviatlana. svobodnymi svoyem swadesh swirls switch syél syel syllable syllables syllables, sylvia syntax syntax.
russenorsk, synthetic-inflectional system	cyrillic systematically systems systems. sɐˈɫoməj t. table taimyr tajiki tajikistan tajikistan, tajikistan. take tanas, tandem. taught tautybę, teach technical teeth telecommunication telegraph. television tendency tense tenses terek, terence terms territories territory territory)
 text text	pronunciation	transliteration	english text

article text
see textbook. texts, than that that, the their them then then, there therefore, these they third this this[clarification thompson, those though threadbare threatens three through throughout ticket tikybą" timberlake time time. times times, times. tip to to	russia, tolstoy's tomasz tongue tongue, tongue. tool top topics
links topics
list tore toronto, toronto. total toward towards trade trademark traders traditional traditionally transition translation translation
зи́мний transliterated transliteration trasianka traveller,
к treaty trend tribes trip, trofimov trubachyov. ts, tsukuba tula turkic turkic,[40][41] turkmenistan, turn turnout tv tver twentieth two two. type types typical typically typists u, u.s. u.s., u/ uk, uk: ukraine ukraine's ukraine". ukraine, ukraine. ukraine.[22]
references
citations
 ukrainerussification
writing	
alphabetorthography ukrainian ukrainian) ukrainian). ukrainian, ukrainian
 ukrainians ultra-short umieje un un. unavailability uncommon unconstitutional undated under understand understanding unicode unified unifying union union's union".
 union, union.[24] union
the union
world unionstress-timed unique united united. universal universally universities university unpalatalized unpredictable, unstressed unstressed: until up updated upon uralic, urban us usage use used users using ussr ussr) ussr. usually uyghur uzbekistan, uzbekistan. v véčer	winter v. v.; values vanished variety various velíky) velarized verb verb. verbs verbs) verbs
padonkaffsky verlag: vernacular very via viatka victor; vietnam, vietnamese view village" vinogradov vlada.cz. vladimir vocabulary vocabulary, vocabulary.
academic vocabulary.
explanatory vocabulary
lojban, vol vol. volga volumes voted voter vowel vowel, vowel. vowels vowels. vowels: voyaged vɐˈkoʂkə w. w3techs. wakata, walter wanderley war war, warsaw was waterson, way wayback wcd)	145,000,000	8	255,000,000	5–6 we we'd we're we've weakening web". weber, websites websites, weekly weekly" weekly").[50][130][131][132] weekly» weekly, weekly. weighed well welle. were western westernization. what when where whereas whether which while while, who widely wider widespread wikibooks

phrasebook wikidata	
germanyunited wikimedia wikipedia wikipedia's wikipedia® wikipedia, wikipedia
authority wikiquote

textbooks wikivoyage

russian wiktionary	11 wiktionary, wiktionary

media will window.

during with without—the woldemar won't word word-building word. words words, words.
explanatory work work.[55] work.[55]

in worker workers working world world's world. world: world
(assessment world
native world
population,

%	total world
population,

%
1900	1.650	138.0	 worldwide.[29] worth worthy would write writers writing written wrote: wurm". www.gramota.ru www.rbth.com. www.unian.info. xinjiang xx-xxi xx-ххi yakanye yakubinsky, yarus.asu.edu.ru. yazyk"). yazyk, year year, year. year.[58][59]

in yers york york, you young younger z, zašumít,	it zafaranlu zapláčet, zapozdályj	and zastučít.	it zavójet,	at zealand zone zusammenarbeit. zveŕ, zvʲerʲ zɐˈpɫatɕɪt, zɐˈvoɪt]	to, zəpɐˈzdaɫɨj]	to, zəstʊˈtɕit]	k zəʂʊˈmʲit]	vdrug | ć, ɐbvʲɪtˈʂaɫəj]	to ɐˈna ˈkak ˈkroɪt]	búrja ˈmɡɫoju ˈnʲɛbə ˈputʲnʲɪɡ ˈsʲnʲɛʐnɨɪ ˈvʲetɕɪr]	zímnij ́sci: ̨tno а. абдуллаев абхазия". августа авторе азии, александр алексей америки аннотация апреля арефьев арефьев, арефьев. атрибутов афе́ра африки б".

vowels
front	central	back
close	i	(ɨ)	u
mid	e		o
open		a	

russian бабель. беларусь" березня боятися браке, братства.

the будет будут будущем? бэ, в в. в., варто ве́чер	[ˈzʲimnʲɪj вебпортал веков вели́кий, великорусского вечер), взгляд визиту возрасту вопросы востребован. все всероссийской высо́кий высшей гаврилов. гарси́я где го́голь), говорить говорят года. голубович, грамматика грибое́дов), гу́ру двух демографические демоскоп державної". дзь, динамика, дитя́,	[ˈto для дня до должны дослідження достоинстве древнерусский друг друга дружба духе е. евгений его единства. есть живут жизнь журнал за́мок забезпечення заво́ет,	[ˈto загальнонаціональне закону замо́к запас. запла́чет, запозда́лый,	[ˈto застучи́т.	[ˈknam зашуми́т,	[ˈvdruk зверь, и и. идеология изменения израиля изучении истоков историческая история, источникам итогах июня к к. как книги козиевская. корпус кр". кро́вле кро́ет,	[ˈburʲə крутя́;	[ˈvʲixrʲɪ л. лань, латинской ле́рмонтов), ли литературный лопатин людей люди м., м.: майбутнє маркетинга, мгло́ю меньше мира. мировых мо́лодец мови мовне мовної мову?". может молоде́ц монголии мороз мы, мышь на наделены нам народа. народов народов. населения населения, нации национальностям, наш не не́бо незалежності неприкосновенный несли нетаньяху: но номера: нужен о об обветша́лой	[ˈto образования, обучаются общество обязательным око́шко октября оле́ша она́ они опитування: осетия" от отношение отношении отре́зать отреза́ть офіційний п. п.
the падение парламенту патріотизм переписи пече́нье? печенье? питання по по-русски? подпоренко поисках политика полу, получить пользу політики портал после постсоветских постсоветском поступать потребность правах. правительства при про проблему прогнозирования просторах. пространстве". пространстве. пу́тник пу́шкин) равными разумом распространено ред.) республике республики рождаются роль российский российский. россия россиян росстата" рубеже руси., русские". русский русского русскоговорящих русском русскому русскоязычие. с. сайт сведения свободными своем свою сжимающееся сколько славянские словарном смерти. сне́жные совестью советский современном современный соло́мой сообщение составе состоянию социального средств ссср ссср" стал старославянскому. статуса стиль сто́ящий стоя́щий стр. стр.
 странах стремительно существованию съе́л съел та таджикистан". там, тема толсто́й) только ты ты́ ударения) узбекам?". узбекистане". узна́ю узнаю́ україни" україни. української україні улуханов уровню утрачивает уявлення ф. фе́рми филолога фрицёнок, функціонування хуррамов центр ць, цюрих числе численность что чу́дно чудно́ школы. школьников шпицята). шухрат экономики южная юрий язык язык". язык, язык: язык?. язык[a]
pronunciation	[ˈruskʲɪi̯ языка языка". языка. языках языке языки языки. языков языкознания. языку языку" языку". языку, як яценко. № ⓘ
 ⓘ
native ⟨е⟩ ⟨и⟩ ⟨у⟩ ⟨ф⟩ ⟨ъ⟩ ⟨ь⟩ ⟨ю⟩ ⟨я⟩ ⟨і⟩ ⟨ѣ⟩, ⟨ѧ⟩ ⟨ѩ⟩, ⟨ѫ⟩, ⟨ѭ⟩, ⟨ѳ⟩, ⟨ѵ⟩, 我国已正式使用和经国家批准推行的少数民族文字有19种,它们是...俄罗斯文...
$2.75 $2.75, $2.75
 $25.
give 'amendments 'by 'castle']), 'fly' 'go', 'lock'] 'pain'". 'qwerty' 'run', 'swim', 'walk', 'with' & >30% «демоскоп «наука», «просвещение», < — – õppele "abc" "about", "article "belongs "can "castle"), "demoskop "did "employees "esperanto: "estonia's "ethnic "europeans "falling "fine "first "for "guru"), "gyventojai "hard" "high "i "in "in", "kazakhstan "language "languages". "languages, "latvia "law "lexical "list "lock") "moldovan "moscow "most "my "national "new "ninilchik". "northern" "official "on "on", "path "plain" "population "președintele "referendum "results "riigikogu "romania "ruskey: "russia's "russian "russian", "russian". "russians "saeima "scandal, "scholars "soft" "southern", "southwest "sovremenny "standing"), "statistical "statistics "the "this "to "top "tracing "ukraine "ukrainian "under "unified "universal "uzbekistan: "vietnam "was "we" "well "winter "worthwhile") "{section.caption}". "бесправен, "введение" "восточнославянские "демографические "демоскоп "демоскоп". "журнал "закон "кому "конституция "общая "официальный "падение "почему "про "российский" "русский "русский" "русскоязычие "сжимающееся "соціологічне "шосте "中国语言文字概况(2021年版)". "少数民族的语言文字有哪些?". ülemineku" ('frost') ('mouse'), ("rossiyskiy") ("russkiy") (/f/); (/i/); (/je/ (/ju/ (/u/); (1). (1): (11 (11th (13 (14th (15 (17th (19 (1911). (1923). (1923:55)
russian (1955). (1988). (1990). (1991). (1993). (1996). (1997). (1999)	145,000,000	8 (1999). (1st (2): (20–40%) (2000 (2000). (2001). (2002). (2004). (2005)	160,000,000	8		
according (2005)	275,000,000	5
sil (2005). (2006). (2008). (2009). (2010). (2011). (2013). (2015). (2016), (2019). (2020 (21 (21st (251). (26 (26.0% (26th (27 (28 (2nd (31 (4 (4): (5.0% (54.1% (54.7%). (71.4% (8 (99.2% (99.4% (according (aféra, (affricate (alphabet (as (august (balachka)
despite (beta)

automatic

light

dark
page (by (chúdno (chapter (chudnó (common (dahl's)	1880–1882	195,844	44,000 (don) (e.g. (ed.). (eds.), (eds.). (especially (except (fermi), (findings (first (for (gúru, (gagauz-yeri)". (garcía), (green (in (including (mólodets (macaronic) (mainly (middle (molodéts (new (october–december (olésha), (olbanian)russenorsksolombala (or (otrézat (otrezát (ozhegov's)	1950–1965
1991 (p.2)
 (pdf) (pdf). (perfective (pp. (rsl) (russia) (russian (russky)". (so-called (stóyashchy (status (stoyáshchy (stripes: (tý (the (this (tied (to (transliteration)cursivecomputer (ty (ukrainian (until (used (ushakov's)	1934–1940	85,289	current (utc).
text (uznáyu (uznayú (vowel) (where (zámok (zamók (алекса́ндр (зимний (знак (лев (михаи́л (никола́й (оканье).[102] (отв. (пётр (современный (яканье).[102][103] *ě , - -ta, -te -to, . ...属于印欧语系的是属斯拉夫语族的俄语...
 .ru .su. // /a/ /bˠɛ/, /dʲ/, /e/ /e⁓i̯ɛ/ /f/, /i, /ja/ /l/ /mˠɨː/, /o/ /o/, /o⁓u̯ɔ/ /t, /ts/ /tsʲ/ /tʲ/ /v/, /w⁓u̯/ /x⁓xv⁓xw/, /ĭ/.

transliteration
further /ŭ/, /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /ɨ, /ɨ/, /ʲa/. /ʲe/); /ʲu/); 0-9660283-0-9. 0.1 0.2 0041-977x. 0261-3077. 1 1)
 1, 1,000 1,100 1,854,700 1-85359-362-1
 1.3 1.5 1.8	256	3.3
sample 10 10,309,500 10.1177/0023830911404962.
 10.2	140	7.9
1940	2.342	205.0	 11 110 112–113. 11th 12%[57] 12–18, 123427088.
 13.
 135–158. 1369-9733	160,000,000	8	285,000,000	5
world 14,400,000 14.2% 14.5% 14th 2 2.7 12. 12.9 13. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 137.5 138 142.6 148 150 1056 1574 15th 16%, 1694 16
 16th 17-volumed 17.
 1793 17th 18–28

further 18, 1800, 1825.
problems 1830s 1867, 18: 18th 19% 1900, 1915
northern 1917, 1920s 1930:

the 1944, 1949 1950s, 1951.[111]

orthography
main 1960s). 1964.

in 1975.[99]

in 1977: 1982, 1985.[109]
medny 1987.
иванов 1990 1990.[123] 1990.
новиков 1990
 1991 1991, 1996.[54] 1997, 1998 1998.
russian 1999–2000. 1999, 1999. 19th 1st 2% 2,447,764 2.1	260	3.8
2020	7.794	147.3	 2.3	278	4.3
2010	6.820	142.7	 20-volumed 2000 2001 2002 2003.
филин 2003
 2004 2004, 2004
in 2005). 2005, 2005. 2006, 2006. 2006.[92]

around 2007). 2007, 2007. 2008).[69] 2008. 2009 2009" 2009.
 2010 2010, 2010.
 2011 2011, 2011.
 2011: 2012)[50][132]: 387 
year	worldwide
population,

billion	population
russian 2012, 2012. 2012.
 2013). 2013, 2013. 2013.
 2014)
russian 2014. 2014.. 2014.
 2014; 2015). 2015. 2015.
 2015.
timberlake, 2016. 2016.
 2017 2017, 2017.[93] 2017.
 2017
 2018) 2018). 2018. 2019). 2019, 2019. 2019.
 2020. 2020.
 2021 2021	442,533	number 2021). 2021, 2021.
 2021
 2022 2022)" 2022). 2022, 2022.
 2023) 2023). 2023, 2023. 2023.
 2023.
sources
in 2024". 2024, 2024-2025 2024. 2024.
 2025, 2025.[87]

in 2026, 20th 20th–21st 21 21/9/2011)". 216–227). 21:26 22 221–228. 23 235". 236.
 24 24.9% 25 25% 26% 3 26 27 28 219 251 252 258 259.8 28% 28.5%; 29 29.6% 2nd 3.
 30 30% 31 32, 33 329 330 365info.kz. 36
 38% 39–56. 392–394. 3rd 4 4.1 4.1% 41049661.
 44 442.
 448–450. 45 46.0%.[56]

in 477–478, 480.
 5 482 482,200 49.6% 5% 5,094,928 5.4	312	5.9
2004	6.400	146.0	 5.9% 50% 52.4%, 521–526.
 53-aaa-e
(varieties: 53-aaa-eaa 53-aaa-eat)

 538–580, 54. 54.5% 547-68. 55% 6 571 572 6, 6,718,557 6.0	280	6.3
1990	5.263	286.0	 60% 61.2% 61.4%, 610442.
 639-1	ru
iso 639-2	rus
iso 639-3	rus
glottolog	russ1263
linguasphere	53-aaa-ea 65% 67% 7 7.3 68. 7% 7%. 7.2% 70% 70%, 71.1%.[61] 73–96). 74.8% 75.9% 77% 78.5% 79.0% 79.6% 8 8.4	105	6.4
1914	1.782	182.2	 8.8	200	7.6
1980	4.434	265.0	 8.99% 80% 81.8% 82% 827–886. 83% 83–85. 84.0% 84.8% 85–91. 850,000 86.9% 88.7% 89.0%, 89.8% 9 9% 9,413,446 9.4% 912–914.
 93.7 96.6%; 97.2%, 978-0-19-824066-2.
cubberley, 978-0-415-04755-5.
trofimov, 978-0-521-22315-7.
timberlake, 978-0-521-77292-1. 978-0-521-79641-5.
iliev, 978-0-631-20757-3.


in 978-1-349-67307-0, 978-3-110-11549-9. 978-5-87444-216-3.
 9780415328647.
spolsky, 9781107619395.
 9781853594519.
sussex, 9781934078457.
o'brien, 9789027257444.
 998 9th : [a] [constitution [lv])

percentage [nʲaˈslʲi], [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) [russian [the [uk] [zámok, [zamók, [ɪ] [ˈruskʲɪj 
i 
not a a. a.; a.m a/ a/) a/, abandoned abkhazia aboard about above above, above
russian[e] abroad abroad, absence abstract academia. academia.edu. academicians academy accent acceptable accepted, access accompanied according accounted accusative achieve achieved acknowledged act acta acting active actual acute add added additional additionally, adjacent adjectives administration, administration.[54] administrative, adopt adoptation adopted advertising, affair"), affairs affairs. afghanistan.[95]

in aforementioned africa african after afterward, against against, age aged agence agency.
 agency
world agendas agree agricultural agriculture ahead aimed air.
то, akademia al alan alaska alaska, aleksander aleut aleutpadonkaffsky alexander aliyeh allophones, allow almanac almost along alongside alphabet alphabet)
russian alphabet, alphabet. alphabet:

vse alphabets". already also also, also: also
flag	russia also
notes
references
toggle although altor alveolar always amendments america america, america
see among amount
wikimedia amsterdam/philadelphia: an analyses analysis analytical ancient and and
russian andrlík, andrzej angeles, anhelina annals another another, any anything apollo–soyuz appendix:russian apply. approach approach" approaches. approved approves approximately april arabic)
cia arabic, archaic archaisms.
academic archived are area areas areas. aref'eva arefyev argot arkhangelsk armenia, arose around arriving article article: articles. articles: articles
russian articulation as asia asia, asia: asian asians. ask ask.
give asked aspect aspect, aspects assignment association. assumption astronauts at ate ate?"). atomic attempt attempts attention. attribution-sharealike august australia, autonomous available aviation awde azbuka azerbaijan, back baker, balachkasurzhyk
pidgins, baltic baltimore, balto-slavic bank
commonwealth barrage barriers based bashiri basic basis be beach, beast,
то became because become becomes becoming been before beginning begun behind being beings bekmurzaev, belarus belarus". belarus, belarus. belarus.[54] belarus
taimyr belarusian belarusian, belarusians believe belonging benjamins bering berlin: bermel, bernard bernard; besides between beyond bilingual bilingualism bill blackwell blocks blog". blue bolshevik book book), books books. boost born borrowed boston, both bought bourgeoisie. braille

a braille
official branch branch. bratstva.

article break-up brighton brings britannica. broadcasting broadcasts broader brooke, brooklyn brotherhood.

see brought bulgarian bulletin bunčić, bureau bureaucracy business.[57]

in but by by	v.v. c calgary, california, called caloni, cambridge cambridge, cambridge: came can canada, cants
and capitalism capitals". carried case cases cases: catalogue category caucasus, causes, ccm: cease, cel census census) census)[1]
l2: census)[1]
language census)

percentage census)
in census, census.gov" center centers central centralized centuries", centuries, centuries. centuries.[46] century century's century)
middle century)
modern century, century. century: certain cf. chancery change change. changed changing channel chapter character characteristic characterized characters, charles chart chicago, chiefly child;
то children children".
 china china, chinese chinese). chinese, chisholm, choice christer church cignoni, cis cites cities cities
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features	
grammar codes
iso colin collapse collectors colleges colloquial colonists columbus, come: commission commission, committee
universal common commonly commons commons

quotations communication communication.[71][72] communication.[79][80] communication.[7][8][9] communities communities. community community
collective company. compiled complex, comprehensive compulsory computers, computing computing. comrie, concept concept, concise conclusion concrete conducted conferă confirmed conflicts confused conglomerate conjunction conscience conscious consecutive consequence consider considerable considered considers consists consonant consonant, consonant. consonants consonants. constcouncil.kz. constituent constitution constitution.ru. constitutional constitutionality constituția consult contact contact" contain contains contemporary content contentious contents context continued continued.[124]

the continues contrast contribution control controlled convention conversational cookie cookie?") cookie?) cooperation corbett, corpus correct cosmonauts cossacks could council counterpart, counterpart. countries countries". countries, countries.
 countries.

asia
in country country's country, country.[54] country.[94] couple course courses. court court
international covers cowan, create created creating creative creoles, cries crimea criminal criticism cubberley cubberley, cultural culture culture, curiosity.[47] current currently, curriculum curriculum". cut"); cutting") cyrillic czech d, d. daily daily, dalby. dallas: daniel databases: datajapanczech date dative david day, de december declaration declarations declared declaring declensionanimacyreduplicationphonology declined decrease decreasing. defends defense definite degree demoscope.ru demoscope.ru. demoskop denis denoting dental, denver, deosebit department, depending depends deprived deputies deputy derived descendant deschide.md. describe described deutsche developed developing development development, development: development
international diagram dialect dialect), dialect). dialect, dialect
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russian dialect
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southern dialectal dialectal, dialectical dialectologist dialects dialects).[102][104]

comparison dialects, dialects. dialects."[48]

after dialects.[105] dialects
 diaspora dictionaries dictionaries. dictionary dictionary	1999–2013	≈200,000	orthographic, dictionary, dictionary.
russian did differences, different differs difficulties difficulty difficulty". dignity diminution diphthongal direct director disappearing discontinued discourse displayed dispute disputed dissolution distinct distinction distinguish distinguishes distribution distribution
main distribution
toggle ditjá,	and diversity divide divided divisions do document documentation documentation.[54] does doi:10.1007/978-1-137-32505-1_20, doi:10.1017/s0025100314000395, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00111954. doi:10.1080/00806760802494232. doi:10.1109/mahc.2023.3326668.
 dolzhny domain dominates don, donate, donated
close done!") dostoinstve dover draft drafted drafts dropped drug druga due dukhe during dutch, dź). dʲɪˈtʲa]	to e e, e.g. each earliest early east east. east: eastern eat economic economic, economics ed	1806–1822	51,388	russian ed.	1789–1794	43,257	russian ed.	1847	114,749	russian ed.)	120,480	"full" ed.). ed., edit edited edition editions editions
great eds. educated education education, education]. eestikeelsele effective eftekhar either elana elderly election elementary elements:[115]
a elite.[54][90] ellis emerge—the emergence empire,
soviet enables enclaves encoding, encompasses:

a encouraged encyclopædia encyclopedia encyclopedia
sorry end endowed energy eng.lsm.lv. england: england; english english–russian english, english,[39] english. english.[96]

north english: english:[135]

all english
carleton, enjoying enjoys enough ensures enthusiast entire entity entries equal era err especially estimate estimates estonia estonia, estonian estonian). estonian-language ethnic ethnologue ethnologue. ethnologue.com. ethnologue: eurasia.[31] eurobarometer europa.eu. europe europe". europe,[30] europe. europe/radio europe
shanghai european europejskich even evening" evening
duration: evening
бу́ря every everyday everyone examined example example, excerpt exist exist? existing expanding expansion. experience explanatory explorers expressions extant extension extension, extent extinct ez f für f. faced facing fact, factbook factbook,[57] factbook. factbook.[57]

in factbook.[84] facto factory fairly family family	
indo-european
balto-slavic
slavic
east family, family. fantasy
dialects	
northern far favor favour favour, feature features features.[115]

in february federal federation". federation, federation,

million	share feminine, fennig, feudalism. few fiction figures file? final financing finished.
lopatin's finnmark first five flaitz, flew flight fluctuated fluency fluency.[45]

standard fluent fluently fluentu folklore followed following following:

united follows:[117][118]

work	year	words	notes
academic follows:

(c)(c)(c)(c)v(c)(c)(c)(c)

consonants
consonant footing for forbes foreign form form, formation former forms forms	
proto-indo-european
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old forms, forms. formula found foundation foundation, foundation;[clarification foundationrunglishlist four fourth framework franca francasculture france-presse. francisco, franz free french french, frequently frication fricative friends friends, from fujian fujian.gov.cn full full-scale fully function functioning fund fundamental fundraiser fusion fusional future future". fyodorov g. gagauzia gagauzia.md. gallup. gary gave gelbmann gender general general, generally generate generation generations generations, genitive gentry geographic geographical geographically geopolitics.
 geopolitics: georgia georgia, gerald; german german, german
runglish, geschichte gesellschaft gimtąją ginsburgh, giovanni give give. given given, gives global glot
 goal goes gogol gospels gov.kg. government gradual gradually grammar grammar, grammar. grammar
[icon]	
this grammatical granting graphically great greek, greville grew griboyedov group group.[88]

in grouped; groupings, groups groups. gruyter, gruyter. guaranteed."
 guardian. had half.[81] hand, handbook handful happy hard hard; has hashemi have haze
ви́хри he heaks health heaps heavily heavy hebrew.[44]

according heilongjiang held help help.
article help.
russian helps, here. heritage hidden hide
(top)
classification
standard hide
text

small

standard

large
width

standard

wide
color high highest highly hindi-urdu, his history history" history. history

tools
appearance historyunited hit holman, home home, homes homographic hours hours. houseformalismscience housing hovell however however, however. howls hugh human hungary hungary.[77][78] i iaponica. ibid.(p.3)
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5 in	
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regulated inc. inc., include including incorporates increase increasing independent indicate indicated indigenous indirect individuals indo-european industrial industry, inevitable influence influenced influences influences
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a inherited initial instances instead institute institute". instituterusskiy institution, instruction instrumental intellectual intelligence intelligibility intelligible inter-ethnic interaction interchangeably, interest interested interethnic intermediate international international. internationale internet internet.[35]

russian interpretation interrupt, into intrinsic introduced introduction invasion invasion, invest involves ipa ipa. ir iraj irena; irene. irish irish, is is, isbn island israel israel". israel.[25][26][27][28]

russian israel.

russian israel: israeli israelis iss issn issue issued issues isurin it it's it") it"), it? it?" italian, its iv. ivan ivanov jahrbücher james jan. january japanese japanese.[100]

dialects
main jargon jargon, jaxa's jaxa. jeffra jews jews. john join jones jones, journal jstor judicial july june jure[23] just jɪˈzɨk] k. kadochnikov, kak kalbą kambuziya; kamusella. karinsky, karpava, kazakh kazakhstan kazakhstan" kazakhstan". kazakhstan, kaɡ keyboard keyboards keyboards.[110]

computing
main kievan kiitis kindergartens kingdom: kiselman knocks know knowledge knowledge, known, koichi. kola komisji kord krójet,	the króvle krakow: krasnodar krutjá,	as krʊˈtʲa]	víhri kuban, kyrgyz kyrgyzstan kyrgyzstan, kyrgyzstan.[54] l. l.,[127] l.p labalaukytė, labial lack land lands.
trasianka, language language	1998–2009	≈130,000	current language" language"". language". language), language)
history language, language,[31] language. language.[46]

prior language.[54] language.[60] language.[67] language.[68] language.[76] language.[82]

in language.[85]

in language.[86] language.
"great language.
esperanto language
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article
talk
read
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competence language
computer language
dialects
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history	
old language
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see languageeast languagehat.com. languages languages	
alaskan languages" languages",
language languages". languages, languages,[f] languages. languages.[46]

the languages.[50][133] languages
alphabet
toggle languages
balachka, languages
derived languages
during languages
this languageslanguages languagessubject–verb–object large largest last late later later
 latin latin, latvia latvia'" latvia'". latvia". latvia, latvia. latvian latvian). latvian. law law.[54] laws layout learn learn, learners.[112]

phonology
main learning least leaving left left.[97] legal legal, legends". leo lermontov less lesser letter letter's letters letters. level level.[106][107]

derived level

partially leveling levels lewis, lexical lexically lexicon lexington liberty. library library.
the license; life life: like likely limbi limbii lingua linguasphere linguistic linguists linguists, links

look links
russian liquidation list listed literary literature literaturny lithuania lithuania". lithuania, lithuania. lithuania: lithuanian lithuanians live living loan loanword loanwords loanwords, local local, locations locative logical logo
maybe lojban lojban.github.io.
 london, london. london: long long
this loose los losing lost lsm's lsm) ltv ludmila lviv. lying lyudi m-1, m. m.a., macaronic macedonian.[102]

in machine machine, machine. machine
жуковская machine
журнал machine
русский macmillan macro-regions, made madeleine, magocsi, main mainly major majority make making man"), mandarin, mandatory manner: manuscripts many mapping march maria mark markedly marks marvellous"), marxist masculine, material mathematical matters matters, matters. matthews, matthias maximal may may, maybe meaning meaning. means media media, medieval member members merged mesm message meteorological meyer mglóju miami, michael mid-13th middle middle), miffed". migrants". mikhail mikhail. million million, ministry minns, minoritare". minorities minorities, minorities.[54] minority minority
language mir mission mission, mixed mixtures mobility models moderate modern modernization moe.gov.cn mof.gov.cy moldavian moldova moldova's moldova". moldova, moldova. moldovan monday, mongol mongolia,[91] mongolia] mongolians, monterey, monthly,
3: more moroz, morphological morphology morphology. morphology
a moscow moscowtrasiankasouthern most mostly mother motion motion". motion.[116]

vocabulary

this motley multilingual multilingual, multiplicity multitude must mustgo. mutual mutually myš'. mysh nébo n, n. nadeleny nakhimovsky nakhimovsky, nam name named names, names.

classification
russian nasa nashville, natalie national nations nations, nations,[34] nations. nations
international native natural nazarbaev, need needed] needed]
a needed]
the needs negation neil neither neologisms nesset, neuter, never nevertheless, new newly news". newspapers, nganasan nikolaevsk, nikolai ninth-most no no. nobility nominative non-existent.[89]

in non-profit non-standard norm normally north northeastern northern northern, northwestern norwegian not notable notary noted notes noticeable noticeably nouns novels november novgorod now nu nucleus number number
of nurbek ny: o, object objects), obsolete obstacles obvetšáloj	at obvious obvious: occurred. occurs october odd") of of'), of"). of: offered offering official officially officials oficialiosios often often. ohio. ohio: okóško okanye old older oldest oleg olonets olympiad
the olympic on oná once one one.[122]

the ones. oni online only only". only.[64][65] onsets, onward operations, opinion optimal optional or oral ordin, orel organisation
eurasian organization organization, organization. organization
antarctic organization
food organization
international organization
unesco
world oriental origin origin, origin
list original originally origins orthographically,[36] orthography), orthography
according orthography
no ossetia ossetia]. osteuropas. ostromir other other?". others otherwise otnoshenii our out outlets outside outsourcing&more. over overturns overwhelming own oxford oxford, p pútnik p. pact padonki pagal page pages palatal palatalization palatalized palgrave paperback paragraphs parents parliament part partially particular particular.[125][128][129][26] particulars partly parts passed past past, pau. paul paul; payload peace, peacetime, peasant peasantry peasants peasants' peasants, pechénye? pechenye? pelczar peninsula
alphabet
main peninsula
surzhyk, people people's people, per perceptions perfective period, periodization periods:[119][120][121]

old permitted persian persian,[42][43] persian; person personal peter pg. phenomenon philadelphia, philologists phoneme phonemes phonemes
labial	alveolar
/dental	post-
alveolar	palatal	velar
plain	pal.	plain	pal.	plain	pal.	plain	pal.
nasal	m	mʲ	n	nʲ					
stop	voiceless	p	pʲ	t	tʲ				k	kʲ
voiced	b	bʲ	d	dʲ				ɡ	ɡʲ
affricate			t͡s	(t͡sʲ)		t͡ɕ			
fricative	voiceless	f	fʲ	s	sʲ	ʂ	ɕː		x	xʲ
voiced	v	vʲ	z	zʲ	ʐ	(ʑː)		(ɣ)	(ɣʲ)
approximant			ɫ	lʲ			j		
trill			r	rʲ					
russian phonetic phonetically phonetics phonetics, phonological phonology phonology
the pidgin pidgin. pidginmednyj pidginsurzhyktrasianka
region	
armeniaazerbaijanbelarusisraellatviaukraine place places planned plant played playing please plus. po point poles policy policy, policy. policy: polinsky, polish polish, polished political political, politics politics, poll polled polska pomor pomorcentral popular population population) population, population.[70]

in population.[88] portal
flag	soviet portal
icon	language portal
list portalas. portion portland, portuguese.[50][51][52]

russian position positions possession possible post-posed post-soviet postal postupat' pp pp. prace practical practice practice" practice. pravakh. preceding prefixes prepositional prepositions presence present)
the present, preserve preserved president.gov.by. press press. press.
comrie, press.
wade, prevails, prevented previous primary primers principalities print)
isurin, printed priority privacy private privileged problem. problems process process: processes produce produced programs project. projects:

definitions prokhorov, prokuratura.tj. proletariat prominent promised
we're promises pronounce pronounced pronunciation pronunciation. proper property proportion prosodic protecting protection proto-slavic proverbs provided provincial provisions prys public publications.
shohamy, publish published publishing publishing. pushes pushkin pushkin's pushkin, pyótr pɐˈkrovlʲɪ q-success. qualitatively quarter quite quotes r. radio radio, raion)

percentage raised raising range rank	total rank
g. rapidly rate rather rating ravnymi razumom re-emergence read readers reading reading
external reading
yanushevskaya, reason recently, recognize recognized recordings.
external recruiting redirects reduced reducing reduction reduction, reduction
literature	
pushkin reference references referendum reform reforms refugees refugees, regarded region region, region. region.[101][102]

the regional regions regions, register registered regularly regulate regulator rejecting related relation), relatively relatives reliable relic religious relocated remained remains removal replaced reported reporting. republic republic". republics republics, republics. republics.[53]

europe

languages republicspainisrael
categories: request request. required requires requiring research research. reserved reshaped residents resource respect respectively.[102] respondents respondents), respondents).[74]

in respondents, restricted restrictions resulted retrieved return reuters. reversed reversed.[50][125][126]

recent revolution, revolutionized ridge. right right.[113][114]

grammar
main rights rights". rights. riigikogu river roa.rutgers.edu. robert roland; role roles, romania". romanization roof,
вдруг room rossiiskii routledge. rozhdayutsya ruins rule rule. rules rulesreformsromanization runet
quelia, rural rus', ruse ruslang.ru. russia russia's russia", russia), russia, russia. russia.[50][125][126]

the russia.
russian
русский russialanguages russian russian–chinese russian–english russian" russian". russian) russian). russian)
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russian russian)
vte
russian russian, russian,

million	share russian-derived russian-english russian-language russian-speaking russian. russian.[108]
fenya, russian.[121]


the russian.[38]

over russian.[73]

according russian.
 russian: russian:[134]

все russian
because russian
duration: russian
geographic russian
main russian
russian russian
source	native russian
журнал russianfenyakyakhta russians russians, russians. russification russification
notes
 russificationmorse russified russkii: russkiy russky russophone, russophones rustles rusyn rusyn, rusyn,[37] ryazan rūta rʲ/ s, s.; s2cid sadat saeima said saint san sanctions sarwan, satellites sayings says says: scando-slavica. scholarly scholars school school. schooling". schools schools". schools, schools.[62][63] science science, sciences, sciences[21]
language script.
russian script; scriptlingua seattle, second second-most secondary seconds.0:11
problems seconds.0:21
reading secretariat
international section secularization security see see: seen semi-protected
from semivowel sense sentence, sentence. september sergei serve service.[66]

in services. sevastopol seventh-largest seventh-most several shades shall shape share sheremet, shlomo shohamy shohamy, should should, show shown shows significant sil similar similarities simons; simply since single sister site, sites sites, six sixth-most sizable size". size. skills sky slang slavic slavic) slavic, slavic
russian
early slavic
writing slavica slavicin slavonic slavonicchurch slavonicold slavs slight slightly slobozhan small smolensk snéžnyje snow so so-called social socialist society society.[49]

geographic sociolects sociological socioprognoz.ru. soft solómoj some something sometimes sometimes. somewhat, sonoroty sorry sound sound:

аа
/a/	бб
/b/	вв
/v/	гг
/ɡ/	дд
/d/	ее
/je/	ёё
/jo/	жж
/ʐ/	зз
/z/	ии
/i/	йй
/j/
кк
/k/	лл
/l/	мм
/m/	нн
/n/	оо
/o/	пп
/p/	рр
/r/	сс
/s/	тт
/t/	уу
/u/	фф
/f/
хх
/x/	цц
/ts/	чч
/tɕ/	шш
/ʂ/	щщ
/ɕː/	ъъ
/-/	ыы
/ɨ/	ьь
/ʲ/	ээ
/e/	юю
/ju/	яя
/ja/
older sounds sounds. sounds; source source
view south southern southern, sovest'yu soviet soviet-era space space". spanish, spanish. speak speakers speakers	l1: speakers	native speakers	total speakers, speakers. speakers.[32] speakers.[75] speakers

hemisphere speakers
of speakers
национальный speaking special specialized speech speech. speech.[122]


winter spelling spheres spirit spokane, spoke spoken spolsky spraw ssr". standard standardization standardization
international standardized standardizing standing start started starting state stated states states". states, states.[98]

as states: states

as states

organizations
recognised states
organization states
other	
russophonerussian states
the statesfrancebnf station station,[33] stations, statista.com. statistics statistikos stats. status status, status
official statut stayed stefan steiner steppe stidies. still stipulates stone, storm straw,
то, strengthened stress stress, stress. stressed structure structure, students studied studied, studies studies, study style style") style.[clarification sub-saharan subject subject), subsection
as subsection
further subsection
grammar
vocabulary
history subsection
phonology
toggle subsequent substratum such suddenly summaries. summary superior supplementary support supported survey survey,[83] survival". surzhyk sussex sviatlana. svobodnymi svoyem swadesh swirls switch syél syel syllable syllables syllables, sylvia syntax syntax.
russenorsk, synthetic-inflectional system	cyrillic systematically systems systems. sɐˈɫoməj t. table taimyr tajiki tajikistan tajikistan, tajikistan. take tanas, tandem. taught tautybę, teach technical teeth telecommunication telegraph. television tendency tense tenses terek, terence terms territories territory territory)
 text text	pronunciation	transliteration	english text

article text
see textbook. texts, than that that, the their them then then, there therefore, these they third this this[clarification thompson, those though threadbare threatens three through throughout ticket tikybą" timberlake time time. times times, times. tip to to	russia, tolstoy's tomasz tongue tongue, tongue. tool top topics
links topics
list tore toronto, toronto. total toward towards trade trademark traders traditional traditionally transition translation translation
зи́мний transliterated transliteration trasianka traveller,
к treaty trend tribes trip, trofimov trubachyov. ts, tsukuba tula turkic turkic,[40][41] turkmenistan, turn turnout tv tver twentieth two two. type types typical typically typists u, u.s. u.s., u/ uk, uk: ukraine ukraine's ukraine". ukraine, ukraine. ukraine.[22]
references
citations
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writing	
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the падение парламенту патріотизм переписи пече́нье? печенье? питання по по-русски? подпоренко поисках политика полу, получить пользу політики портал после постсоветских постсоветском поступать потребность правах. правительства при про проблему прогнозирования просторах. пространстве". пространстве. пу́тник пу́шкин) равными разумом распространено ред.) республике республики рождаются роль российский российский. россия россиян росстата" рубеже руси., русские". русский русского русскоговорящих русском русскому русскоязычие. с. сайт сведения свободными своем свою сжимающееся сколько славянские словарном смерти. сне́жные совестью советский современном современный соло́мой сообщение составе состоянию социального средств ссср ссср" стал старославянскому. статуса стиль сто́ящий стоя́щий стр. стр.
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native ⟨е⟩ ⟨и⟩ ⟨у⟩ ⟨ф⟩ ⟨ъ⟩ ⟨ь⟩ ⟨ю⟩ ⟨я⟩ ⟨і⟩ ⟨ѣ⟩, ⟨ѧ⟩ ⟨ѩ⟩, ⟨ѫ⟩, ⟨ѭ⟩, ⟨ѳ⟩, ⟨ѵ⟩, 我国已正式使用和经国家批准推行的少数民族文字有19种,它们是...俄罗斯文...
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